Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Literature Essay

Abstr fleck kidskin intimate ill-use (CSA) is a hidden pandemic of fry affront and neglect. Approximately at that buttocks atomic offspring 18 3 million notifys of CSA in the United States every year involving nigh 6 million children. CSA take place across ethnic and cultural lines, in any socioeconomic levels, all levels of reading and within all religions. Numerous unfortunate effects correlate with CSA virtually examples include, anxiety, dodging effect, low self-esteem, post-traumatic straining disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder), and promiscuity. In the present paper, research in the character of kind distress in women with write up of CSA reexaminationed to gain a understanding depression , tall risk intimate action nature of the trauma , obstacles in familys, possessing invalidating beliefs and attitudes towards others, psychological effects, psychopathology. The following literature review attempts to establish and support CSA association with psychological, wound up and corporeal expressions in with child(p)hood. Continuous studies of familiarly ill-used children and word outcomes atomic number 18 essential. Keywords electric shaver informal handle, anxiety, dodging depression, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, promiscuityChild Sexual offenseSurvivors of CSA often suffer from adverse psychological distress from CSA, long after the roast has ended. Adult survivors are at increase risk of having of having one or much long forbid consequences (Bremner et al., 1999 Colangelo and Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 portmanteau, Parker, Wilhelm, Mitchell, & Austin, 1999 Goodyear-Brown, 2012 Rosenthal, Rasmussen Hall, Palm, Batten, & Follette, 2005 Trowell, Kolvin, Weeramanthri, Sadowski, Berelowitz, Glasser, & Leitch, 2002). A fib of CSA is not un ballparkplacely overcompensate by survivors with depressive disorders (Gladstone et al., 1999). They try out a mental health professional for numerous reasons. Rosenthal et al. (2005) rig shame, guilt and the affectionate stigma with CSA of such(prenominal) experiences it is likely that survivors would attempt to avoid memories and feelings by dint of various means including psychological distress, depression, anxiety, nucleus abuse, suicidal behavior and borderline temperament disorders.Defining the ProblemBremner et al. (1999) affirmed child informal abuse is extremely common in todays troupe 16% of women are the victim of rape, seek or molestation at some time onward their 18th birthday. However, CSA prevalence pass judgment varied substantially qualification comparisons difficult (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman , 2012 as cited in Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). In addition, the main definitional difference was whether the abuse was strong-arm or too involved noncontact behaviors. Goodyear-Brown, 2012 (as cited in Berliner, 2011 Berliner & Elliott, 2002 Finkelhor, 1979) defined CSA as any intimate activeness involving a ch ild in whom the child is unable or involuntary to give consent. In addition, report CSA is a problem of epidemic symmetry impact children of all ages, socioeconomic levels and cultural backgrounds.Therefore, all states have legal procedures against child sexual abuse, literal meanings dissent from state to state, and sexual abuse is not always all the way addressed as distinct from physical abuse (Goodyear-Brown, 2012). CSA impacts all people from a wide variety of backgrounds. Researchers have attested CSA has no boundaries of race, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. As a resolve it affects the whole community including, children, adolescents, and adults. While victims including offenders are without doubt, most(prenominal) undeviatingly impacted, households and communities in which the abuse occurred are also strongly impacted if on that point is no satisfactory response to the issue. reputation DisordersThe ability to develop human relationships and get on with others is essential to healthy wellbeing. Maintaining positive, reciprocal social connections includes comprehending social cues, speaking up for oneself, and finding people who will not put to work and hurt others. Consequently, the ability to develop and asseverate relationships becomes affected.Low Self-EsteemSexual abuse survivors, in one study, expressed to a greater extent(prenominal) internalizing behaviors than did their non- abuse counter parts. In fact, women with register of CSA were more likely to use negative impairment to describe themselves and less(prenominal) likely to designate positive meaning to sexual behavior (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Meston and Heiman, 2000). Also, women with a history of CSA perceived their bodies as less sexually attractive than non ill-use and account feeling raging and distant from, their own bodies during sexual activity (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Wenniinger and Heiman, 1998). In ad dition, patients who report CSA, 93% self-reported helplessness, sinfulness, guilt, worthlessness and self-image (Gladstone et al., 1999).AvoidanceRosenthal et al., (2005) constituted that women victimized during childhood, were likely to have evasion of experiences. Survivors with the avoidant style have few interpersonal bonds and few friends. They are not as imaginable to be linked in relations with others and less likely to be married. The invasive style is overly burdensome and controlling. However, the invasive style has exceptional ineluctably for closeness. There is extreme self-disclosure, and relationships are besides smothering. Equally the avoidant and invasive styles are dysfunctional and are possibly to result in loneliness.Sexual DisordersThe impact of CSA on a womans sexual functions relates to high risk sexual activities. Risky sexual behavior is the most thoroughly financial support of destructive behavior in abuse survivors. Also, significantly impacts the quality of sexual and sentimentalist relationships of the victims.PromiscuityResearchers found 20% of women widely distributed reported sexual contact with an adult during their childhood (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Freyd et al., 2005). Women reported performing a sexual act against their will, before age 15 (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Fanslow, Crengle, Perese and Robinson, 2007).Also, women with a sexual abuse history reported more negative feelings about sex and experience less satisfaction than do nonabused women (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Leonard et al., 2008 Meston et al., 2006). Findings, for women whose abuse experience included forward onset of consensual sexual activity, higher(prenominal) rates of teen pregnancy, multiple sexual partners, unprotected intercourse (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Ferguson et al., 1997 Raj, Silverman & Amaro, 2000 Walker et al., 1999). Furthermore, increased rates of abortion and anal sex (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Windgood & DiClemente, 1997).Anxiety DisordersA plethora of literature has developed over the past 20 years demonstrating the potentially life-threatening magnitude of negative emotions. Depression is one of the most frequently occurring sequelae of past abuse.DepressionGladstone et al., (1999) linked behavioral problems in maturity to CSA and found that more patients with exposure to CSA, than patients with no exposure, had evidence of significant personality disturbances before their current depressive episode. In addition, patients with history of CSA reported higher levels of depression (Gladstone et al., 1999). Significantly, patients with exposure of CSA reported having an alcoholic father than did those who had not. To emphasize researchers also found other over represented characteristics to feel unsafe, a dysfunctional father, verbal abuse and exposure to an unstable relationship between parents (Glads tone et al., 1999).Post Traumatic tense up Disorder (PTSD)Bremner et al., (1999) identified CSA is the most common cause of PTSD, which affects 10% of individualists in this country. In spite of the high prevalence rates of CSA and PTSD, there is little on the long-term effects of abuse on the brain. Trowell et al. (2002) examined the relationship between PTSD and symptoms the led victims to seek treatment. They found that a significant number of victims in their sample manifest symptoms of PTSD, including flashbacks and officious memories.However, despite the fact that most CSA victims did not meet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD, umteen reported having some post-traumatic symptoms. These symptoms included hyper vigilance, busy thoughts, and rapid intrusive flashbacks of the abuse Researchers monitored the coition efficacy of focused individual or group psychotherapy for sexually abused girls and psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. Both treatment gro ups showed substantial psychopathological improvements, but with no evident difference between individual and group therapy. Therefore, individual therapy led to a greater improvement in manifestations of PTSD (Trowell et al., 2002).ReferencesBremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D.S. (1999). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. The American journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1787-1795. Colangelo, J.J., & Keefe-Cooperman, K. (2012). Understanding the impact of childhood sexual abuse on womens sexuality. ledger of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 1-5. Gladstone, G., Parker, G., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., & Austin, M. (1999). Characteristics of depressed patients who report childhood sexual abuse. The American ledger of Psychiatry, 156(3), 431-437. Goodyear-Brown, P. (2012).The scope of the problem. In P. Goodyear-Brown (Eds.), Handbook of child sexual abuse Iden tification, assessment, and treatment (pp. 1-28). Hoboken, natural Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rosenthal, Z.M., Rasmussen Hall, M. L., Palm, K.M, Batten, S.V., & Follette, V.M. (2005). Chronic avoidance helps explain the relationship between roughness of childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress in adulthood. journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(4), 25-41. Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., T. Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D., & Leitch, I. (2002). Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 234-247.